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1.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 38: e38024, Jan.-Dec. 2022. ilus, mapas, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395413

ABSTRACT

The biophysical characteristics of vegetative canopies, such as biomass, height, and canopy diameter, are of paramount importance for the study of the development and productive behavior of crops. Faced with a scarcity of studies aimed at estimating these parameters, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) applied to Proximal Remote Sensing (PRS) to estimate biophysical characteristics of soybean culture. The data used to train and validate the ANNs came from an experiment composed of 65 plots with 30 x 30 m mesh, its development was carried out in the 2016/2017 crop in the Brazilian agricultural area. The evaluations were carried out at 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after sowing (DAS), monitoring the spatial and temporal variability of the biophysical characteristics of the soybean crop. Vegetation indexes were collected using canopy sensors. The accuracy and precision were determined by the coefficient of determination (R2) and the error of the forecasts by MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). PRS and ANNs showed high potential for application in agriculture, since they obtained good performance in the estimation of height (R2 = 0.89) and canopy diameter (R2 = 0.96), being fresh biomass (R2 =0.98) and dry biomass (R2 = 0.97) were the best-estimated variables.


Subject(s)
Soybeans/anatomy & histology , Neural Networks, Computer , Machine Learning
2.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 38: e38050, Jan.-Dec. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1396146

ABSTRACT

Harvesting is one of the most important stages of the agricultural production process. However, the lack of monitoring during this operation and the absence of efficient methodologies to quantify losses have contributed to the decline in the quality of the operation. The objective of this study was to monitor mechanized soybean harvest by quantifying losses through two methodologies using statistical process control. The study was conducted in March 2016 in an agricultural area in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP, using a John Deere harvester model 1470 with a tangential-type track system and separation by a straw-blower. The experimental design followed the standards established by statistical process control, and every 8 min of harvest, the total losses by the circular framework and rectangular framework methodologies were simultaneously quantified, totaling 40 points. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical process control. The averages of the circular methodology framework were values above those found in the rectangular methodology framework, presenting greater representativeness of losses. The process was considered unable to maintain losses of soybeans at acceptable levels during mechanical harvest throughout the operation of the two frameworks. The circular framework for collecting samples at different locations resulted in higher reliability of data.


Subject(s)
Automation , Soybeans , Crop Production , Statistics
3.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 52(2): e20210260, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1286062

ABSTRACT

In the last crop seasons, the complex of late season diseases (CLSD) of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), has been causing considerable reductions in the crop yield. Currently, there are no cultivars resistant to all pathogens that causes CLSD. The present study evaluated the effect of applying the acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products and fungicide on the severity of CLSD in the soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crops, in the field. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control (water); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - calcium; 4 - micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5 - micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6 - nitrogen-potassium fertilizer; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum and 8 - azoxystrobin + cyproconazole with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products and two of fungicide were carried out in both harvests. A diagrammatic scale assessed the severity of CLSD at the phenological stage R7.1. The acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products (macro and micronutrients) and A. nodosum had no effect on the severity of CLSD in the two harvests. The fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) reduced the severity of CLSD and prevented damage to productivity in both experiments.


Nas últimas safras, o complexo de doenças de final de ciclo (DFC) da soja (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), vem provocando reduções consideráveis no rendimento da cultura. Atualmente, não há variedades resistentes a todos os patógenos causadores das DFC. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, produtos alternativos e fungicida na severidade de DFC na cultivar de soja BMX Potência RR durante as safras 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, em campo. Os tratamentos para os experimentos foram: 1 - testemunha (água); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - cálcio; 4 - micronutrientes: cobre, manganês e zinco; 5 - micronutrientes: manganês, zinco e molibdênio; 6 - adubo NK; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum e 8 - azoxistrobina + ciproconazol com adição do adjuvante. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações dos produtos alternativos e duas do fungicida, nas duas safras. A severidade de DFC foi avaliada por escala diagramática no estádio fenológico R7.1. O indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, os produtos alternativos (macro e micronutrientes) e A. nodosum não apresentaram efeito sobre a severidade das DFC nas duas safras. O fungicida (azoxistrobina + ciproconazol) reduziu a severidade das DFC e evitou danos a produtividade nos dois experimentos.


Subject(s)
Soybeans/microbiology , Fungicides, Industrial/administration & dosage , Cercospora , Agricultural Cultivation
4.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 37: e37042, Jan.-Dec. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1358926

ABSTRACT

Studies addressing the interaction of different spatial arrangement in soybean are needed in order to achieve management that leads to higher grain yield associated with rational seed use. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield components and productivity of an undetermined growth type soybean as a function of different row spacing and plant densities. The treatments consisted of three row spaces (0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 m) and three plant population densities (30, 40 and 50 plants/m²). There was no interaction of row spaces and plant population on soybean yield. Regarding the overall spacing average, the grain yield of the population of 30/m² plants was higher than the productivity of the populations of 40 and 50/m² plants. The largest populations reduce plant sizes due to greater competition between plants. In addition, smaller populations promote higher individual plant yields due to the increase components of the production. This characteristic is defined as the ability of the plant to change its morphology and yield components in order to adapt to the conditions imposed by the spatial arrangement.


Subject(s)
Soybeans/growth & development , Crops, Agricultural , Population Density
5.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 37: e37052, Jan.-Dec. 2021. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1358997

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean (Glycine max L.) has increased in the last harvests. In order to study the efficiency of powdery mildew control due to the application of alternative products and conventional fungicide, trials were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control; 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl (Bion 500 WG®); 3 - calcium (Max Fruit®); 4 - Micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc (Wert Plus®); 5 - Micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum (V6®); 6 - NK fertilizer (Hight Roots®); 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian®) and 8 - fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) (Priori XTRA®) with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products (phenological stages V3, V6, R1 and R5.1) and two of fungicide (phenological stages R1 and R5.1) were carried out. The parameters evaluated were powdery mildew severity and productivity. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPG). Alternative products didn't reduce powdery mildew in the two harvests. The conventional fungicide treatment was the only one that controlled powdery mildew and didn't reduce the productivity in both experiments.


Subject(s)
Pesticides , Soybeans , Fungicides, Industrial , Erysiphe/pathogenicity
6.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(5): 1629-1637, 01-09-2020. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1147839

ABSTRACT

Stress events or leaf damage can alter the redistribution of photoassimilates and modify the morphological traits directly related to grain yield. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of agronomic traits on grain yield in soybean crop in function of leaf defoliation. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with three replications, arranged in a 6 x 3 + 1 factorial scheme. The factors were composed by six reprodutive stages (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6) and three defoliation levels (33%, 66%, and 99%), and one additional treatment without defoliation (control). The following traits were evaluated: plant height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, thousand grain weight, and grain yield. The magnitudes of the correlations between the same traits showed high oscillation according to the defoliation level. Results revealed the potential for the indirect selection for grain yield by the traits plant height and number of grains per pods under 0% of defoliation and by the trait number of pods per plant under 33% of defoliation.


Ocorrências de estresse ou danos foliares podem levar a alteração na redistribuição de fotoassimilados e modificar os caracteres morfológicos envolvidos diretamente na produtividade dos grãos. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar por meio da análise de trilha, a influência de caracteres agronômicos na produtividade de grãos na cultura da soja em função de níveis desfolha da planta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial 6 x 3 + 1. O primeiro fator foi composto por seis estádios reprodutivos de desfolha (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6) x três níveis de desfolha (33%, 66%, 99%) e um tratamento adicional sem desfolha (controle). Os caracteres avaliados foram: altura de plantas, número de legumes por planta, número de grãos por legume, peso de mil grãos e produtividade de grãos. As magnitudes das correlações entre os mesmos caracteres apresentaram alta oscilação de acordo com o nível de desfolha, sendo que, que existe potencial da seleção indireta para produtividade de grãos por meio da altura de plantas e número de grãos por legumes sob 0% desfolha e do número de legumes por planta sob 33% de desfolha.


Subject(s)
Soybeans
7.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(5): 1645-1651, 01-09-2020. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1147845

ABSTRACT

One of the main limitations of soybean production is related to water availability and organisms found in the soil. Under the hypothesis that soil moisture may influence the nematode population, this study aimed to verify the occurrence of nematodes associated with different irrigation management in soybean crops. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design. Treatments consisted of a subplot scheme, with four replications. The plots consisted of ten irrigation managements divided into five irrigation frequencies (1,2,3,4, and 5 days) and five additional water depths (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration ­ Etc). The subplots were composed of four different soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RR, AS 3680 IPRO, and Desafio RR ePower IPRO). The experiment analyzed the variables plant height, first pod insertion, number of plants, moisture, hundred-grain weight, yield, and occurrence of nematode eggs and adults. Nematodes influence all the production components analyzed, affecting mostly the hundred-grain weight, especially the nematode Helicotylenchus sp., although the Meloidogyne sp. population was larger. The phytonematode population reduces with the increase in soil moisture to levels close to the saturation, indirectly influencing the yield increase.


Uma das principais limitações da produção de soja está relacionada à disponibilidade de água e organismos encontrados no solo. Sob a hipótese de que a umidade do solo possa influenciar a população de nematoides, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de nematóides associados a diferentes manejos de irrigação em lavouras de soja. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos consistiram de um esquema de subparcelas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas consistiram de dez manejos de irrigação divididos em cinco freqüências de irrigação (1,2,3,4 e 5 dias) e cinco lâminas d'água (25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura - Etc). As subparcelas foram compostas por quatro diferentes cultivares de soja (NA 5909 RR, AS 3680 IPRO e Desafio RR ePower IPRO). O experimento analisou as variáveis altura da planta, inserção da primeira vagem, número de plantas, umidade, peso de cem grãos, produtividade e ocorrência de ovos de nematoides e adultos. Os nematóides influenciam todos os componentes de produção analisados, afetando principalmente o peso de cem grãos, especialmente o nematódeo Helicotylenchus sp., Embora o Meloidogyne sp. população era maior. A população de fitonematóides reduz com o aumento da umidade do solo para níveis próximos à saturação, influenciando indiretamente o aumento da produtividade.


Subject(s)
Soil , Soybeans , Agricultural Irrigation , Nematoda
8.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(3): 857-864, 01-05-2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1146981

ABSTRACT

The use of soybean varieties resistant to the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D may lead to drifts towards areas grown with non-resistant varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dicamba and 2,4-D underdoses applied at the phenological stages V4 and R2 of soybeans. Two experiments were conducted with dicamba or 2,4-D in a randomized block design with four replications. The 4 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme was composed of four doses (0.028, 0.28, 2.8, and 28 g ae ha−1) of dicamba or 2,4-D applied at two phenological stages (V4 and R2) + a control treatment (without herbicide application). Dicamba underdoses caused damage to soybean crop affecting its vegetative growth and yield; the injuries caused by 2,4-D were neither enough to damage crop nor affect yield components. Dicamba underdoses applied at V4 caused injuries of up to 41%, while in R2 they reached 70%. Plant height decreased by up to 61% when treated with dicamba. Soybean yield was reduced by 29 and 76% when the simulated drift occurred at V4 and R2, respectively, and at a dose of 28 g ae ha−1 of dicamba. For the tested underdoses, only 2,4-D had no effect in soybean crop yield.


Com a inserção de variedades de soja resistentes aos herbicidas dicamba e 2,4-D os eventos de deriva destes herbicidas para áreas com variedades não resistentes será passível de ocorrência. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos de subdoses de dicamba e 2,4-D aplicados nos estádios fenológicos V4 e R2 da cultura da soja. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com dicamba ou 2,4-D em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Adotou-se o esquema fatorial de 4 x 2 + 1 composto por quatro doses (0,028, 0,28, 2,8 e 28 g ea ha-1) de dicamba ou de 2,4-D, aplicados em dois estádios fenológicos (V4 e R2) + um tratamento testemunha (sem aplicação de herbicida). As subdoses de dicamba provocaram danos na cultura da soja, afetando o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produtividade, enquanto o 2,4-D não provocou injúrias suficientes para provocar danos que comprometessem a cultura, e desta forma, não afetou os componentes de produção. As subdoses de dicamba aplicadas no estádio V4 provocou injúrias de até 41%, enquanto em R2 chegaram a 70%. A altura das plantas reduziu em até 61% quando tratadas com dicamba. A produtividade da soja foi reduzida em 29 e 76%, quando a deriva simulada ocorreu nos estádios V4 e R2, respectivamente, e na dose de 28 g ea ha-1 de dicamba. Nas subdoses testadas somente o 2,4-D não afetou a produtividade da cultura da soja.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Dicamba , Herbicides
9.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(2): 383-389, 01-03-2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1146261

ABSTRACT

A sensitive and reliable process was established using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to distinguish conventional varieties of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified crops via shikimate detection in soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) seeds. Glyphosate has a well-defined mechanism of action. It is the only herbicide that specifically inhibits 5-enolpiruvilshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS E.C. 2.5.1.19), which catalyzes the condensation of shikimate with phosphoenolpyruvate. This study is based on the concept that shikimate significantly accumulates in soybean plant tissues after EPSPS inhibition by glyphosate. In plants not subjected to glyphosate, shikimate is not easily detected because it quickly metabolizes into shikimate 3-phosphate and subsequently into 5-enolpiruvilshikimate 3-phosphate through the action of EPSPS. Conversely, in non-genetically modified plants subjected to glyphosate, shikimate metabolism is impaired, resulting in its accumulation. This metabolite can be detected in extremely low quantities (in the microgram range), through HPLC. In this study, six different contrasts were analyzed, each being formed by a transgenic cultivation and its parental strain, subject or not subject to the treatment of soaking with a 0.6% glyphosate solution. Chromatographic analyses indicated shikimate accumulation only in conventional cultivars with seeds previously soaked in a 0.6% glyphosate solution. Thus, this shikimate detection method can be used as a rapid and accurate means to distinguish soybeans with glyphosate-resistant qualities.


Este estudo estabelece um processo, sensível e confiável, com aplicação de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) para distinguir variedades de soja convencionais de geneticamente modificadas, resistentes ao glifosato, por detecção de chiquimato nas sementes. O mecanismo de ação doglifosato é bem definido. É o único herbicida que inibe especificamente a enzima 5-enolpiruvilchiquimato-3-fosfato sintase (EPSPS, E.C. 2.5.1.19), que catalisa a condensação do chiquimato com fosfoenolpiruvato. O trabalho está baseado na concepção do chiquimato se acumular significativamente nos tecidos vegetais de soja convencional, após a inibição da EPSP sintase pelo glifosato. Em plantas não submetidas ao glifosato, o chiquimato não é facilmente detectado, pois rapidamente é metabolizado a chiquimato 3-fosfato e, a seguir, em 5-enolpiruvilchiquimato 3-fosfato, pela ação da EPSPS. Por outro lado, em plantas não geneticamente modificadas submetidas ao glifosato, a metabolização do chiquimato é prejudicada, resultando em seu acúmulo. Este metabólito pode ser detectado em quantidades extremamente baixas (na faixa de µg), por HPLC. Neste trabalho foram analisados seis contrastes diferentes, sendo cada contraste formado por uma cultivar transgênica e sua respectiva cultivar parental convencional, submetidas ou não a embebição com solução de glifosato 0,6%. As análises cromatográficas indicaram o acúmulo de chiquimato apenas em cultivares convencionais, nas quais as sementes foram previamente embebidas em solução de glifosato 0,6%. Os resultados demonstraram que adetecção de chiquimato pode ser utilizada como um método rápido e preciso na diferenciação de soja resistente ao glifosato de soja convencional.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Chromatography
10.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 87: e1252018, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1130107

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the oviposition behavior of Helicoverpa armigera confined in different adult pair density and growth stages of soybean plants, and the resistance of soybean genotypes to H. armigera in the category nonpreference for oviposition. The oviposition behavior of H. armigera was assessed using one, two, and four adult pairs per soybean plant of the cultivar BR-16 at the growth stages: vegetative V8 (eighth unrolled trifoliate leaf), reproductive R2 (full bloom) and reproductive R5.2 (beginning seed). The nonpreference for oviposition was evaluated using eight soybean genotypes and an oviposition preference index was calculated. The number of trichomes in leaflets was quantified for being correlated to H. armigera oviposition. One adult pair and soybean plants stage at pod-set affected and showed the best results oviposition preference on soybean plants. The genotypes M8230-RR and W711-RR presented resistance characteristics, and PI-227687 was preferred for oviposition. The trichome density positively affects the female oviposition behavior.(AU)


O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de oviposição de Helicoverpa armigera confinadas em diferentes densidades de casais e estádios fenológicos de plantas de soja, e a resistência de genótipos de soja na categoria não preferência para oviposição para H. armigera. Para o comportamento de oviposição de H. armigera, foram avaliadas as densidades de um, dois e quatro casais por planta, e os estádios fenológicos vegetativo, de florescimento e reprodutivo de plantas de soja do cultivar BR 16. Para o teste de não preferência para oviposição, oito genótipos de soja foram utilizados e um índice de preferência para oviposição foi calculado. A densidade de tricomas nos folíolos foi quantificada para ser correlacionada com a oviposição de H. armigera. A densidade de um casal e plantas de soja em estádio reprodutivo proporcionaram os melhores resultados quanto à preferência para oviposição de H. armigera em soja. Os genótipos M8230 RR e W711 RR apresentaram características de resistência, enquanto o PI 227687 foi o mais preferido para oviposição. A quantidade de tricomas influenciou positivamente no comportamento de oviposição das fêmeas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Oviposition , Soybeans , Seeds , Trichomes , Genotype , Insecta , Lepidoptera
11.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 50(9): e20190868, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1133324

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Conyza spp. is among the main weeds reported worldwide. Due to its aggressiveness, such as high seed production and dispersion, and the growing reports of biotypes resistant to glyphosate, paraquat, and other herbicides, different control practices are required. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides with sequential application of glufosinate in soybean pre-sowing for control of Conyza spp. with indicative of resistant to paraquat. The study was carried out in the field, at Assis Chateaubriand and Palotina, state of Paraná, Brazil, in the 2018/19 season. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted in application of glyphosate, 2,4-D, saflufenacil, glufosinate, saflufenacil/imazethapyr, diclosulam, paraquat/diuron, paraquat and imazethapyr/flumioxazin, at different combinations, in soybean pre-sowing. Control of Conyza spp., crop injury to soybean plants and variables related to agronomic performance (plant height and yield) were evaluated. All treatments were selective for soybean, which showed stronger crop injury in the presence of diclosulam herbicide, but this did not compromise soybean agronomic performance. In general, control levels were high for the treatments used. Except for paraquat treatments, in the area with the highest frequency of Conyza spp. with indicative of resistant to paraquat, and imazethapyr/flumioxazin treatment in both areas. These control results emphasized the importance of glufosinate in this management system and showed promising results for saflufenacil/imazethapyr.


RESUMO: A planta daninha Conyza spp. está entre as principais encontradas em todo o mundo. Devido a sua agressividade, como elevada produção e dispersão de sementes e os crescentes relatos de biótipos resistentes ao glyphosate, paraquat e outros herbicidas, faz-se necessário o uso de diferentes ferramentas de manejo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas com aplicação sequencial de glufosinate em pré-semeadura da soja, no controle de Conyza spp. com indicativo de resistência ao paraquat. O estudo foi realizado em campo nos municípios de Assis Chateaubriand e Palotina, estado do Paraná (PR), Brasil, na safra 2018/19. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela aplicação de glyphosate, 2,4-D, saflufenacil, glufosinate, saflufenacil/imazethapyr, diclosulam, paraquat/diuron, paraquat e imazethapyr/flumioxazin, em diferentes combinações em pré-semeadura da soja. Foram avaliados controle de Conyza spp., sintomas de injúria nas plantas de soja e variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho agronômico (altura de plantas e produtividade). Todos os tratamentos mostraram-se seletivos a soja. Visualizou-se maiores sintomas de injúria quando se tinha a presença do herbicida diclosulam, mas não resultou em danos ao desempenho agronômico da soja. De forma geral os níveis de controle foram altos para os tratamentos utilizados, em exceção para os tratamentos com paraquat na área que apresentava maior frequência de Conyza spp. com indicativo de resistência a este herbicida, e para o tratamento com imazethapyr/flumioxazin nas duas áreas. Estes resultados de controle enfatizam a importância do glufosinate neste sistema de manejo e demostram resultados promissores para saflufenacil/imazethapyr.

12.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 35(2): 398-408, mar./apr. 2019. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1048594

ABSTRACT

Soybean crop, despite the technological evolution, did not reach an average of 4,000 kg ha-1 in Brazil due to the factors of climate, nutritional and soil fertility, genetics and phytosanitary problems. Among them is the rust-soy disease of soybean, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd., one of the most severe, with damage up to 100%. Among the management strategies are the use of early genotypes, use of preventive fungicides and cultivars with partial resistance and tolerant to phytopathogen. To obtain resistant cultivars, six dominant genes that condition vertical (qualitative) resistance, have already been reported in the literature, but the stability of this type of resistance is not durable. Therefore, the identification of genotypes that can be used as sources of horizontal (quantitative) resistance is essential to increase the longevity of the cultivars launched in the Brazilian market. This work aimed to evaluate the resistance of 12 soybean genotypes to the pathogen and yield responses. This work was developed at Fazenda do Glória, in Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), located in the city of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. In the agricultural year 2015/2016 an experiment was carried out with subplots with or without fungicide Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupyr and subsubplots related to the evaluation position in the plant. There were 12 early-cycle genotypes, 10 from the UFU germplasm laboratory (LAGER), a commercial susceptible control, and a knownresistant LAGER control. They were outlined in randomized blocks with four replicates. The experimental plots were represented by two rows of 6 m x 0.5 m, and the 2.5 m 2 area consisted of the two central rows, eliminating 0.5 m at each end of the plot. The LAGER-210 and LAGER-216 genotypes were selected for crop and use value (CUV) studies because they showed partial resistance to rust, short cycle, good morphoagronomic characteristics and higher yields.


A soja, mesmo com a evolução tecnológica, não atingiu ainda uma média de produção no Brasil de 4.000 kg ha-1. Isto é devido aos fatores climáticos, nutricionais, genéticos e fitossanitários. Dentre eles está a doença ferrugem-asiática da soja, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd., uma das mais severas, com danos de até 100%. Dentre as estratégias de manejo estão o uso de genótipos precoces, uso de fungicidas de forma preventiva e cultivares com resistência parcial ao fitopatógeno. Para a obtenção de cultivares resistentes, seis genes dominantes, que condicionam a resistência vertical (qualitativa), já foram relatados na literatura, mas a estabilidade desse tipo de resistência não é durável. Portanto, a identificação de genótipos que possam ser utilizados como fontes de resistência horizontal (quantitativa) é primordial para aumentar a longevidade das cultivares lançadas no mercado brasileiro. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de 12 genótipos de soja frente ao patógeno e respostas à produtividade. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda do Glória, na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), localizada no município de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. No ano agrícola 2015/2016 foi conduzido um experimento com subparcelas com ou sem fungicida Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupyr e subsubparcelas relacionadas à posição de avaliação naplanta. Foram 12 genótipos de ciclo precoce, sendo 10 provenientes do laboratório de germoplasma da UFU (LAGER), uma testemunha comercial suscetível e uma testemunha do LAGER conhecidamente resistente, delineados em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram representadas por duas fileiras de 6 m x 0,5 m, sendo que a área útil de 2,5 m² constituiu-se pelas duas fileiras centrais, eliminando-se 0,5 m em cada extremidade da parcela. Os genótipos LAGER-210 e LAGER-216 foram selecionados para estudos de valor de cultivo e uso (VCU) por apresentarem resistência parcial à ferrugem, ciclo curto, boas características morfoagronômicas e maiores produtividades.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Plant Breeding , Agriculture , Phakopsora pachyrhizi
13.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 35(1): 55-66, jan./fev. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1048560

ABSTRACT

Physiological quality of soybean seeds of five varieties (CD 215, CD 202, CD 233RR (GMO), NK and NK 412113 7059RR (GMO)), stored under cooling and room temperature during eight months as well as B1, B2, and G2 aflatoxins prevalence were evaluated. The tests (moisture content, germination, tetrazolium) were performed before storage and every 60 days. The analysis of aflatoxins presence was carried out at the beginning and at each two months. Two samples of each variety were stored at -4 °C until analysis processing, then high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was used. The seeds showed, in general, water content between 11 and 13% until 60 storage days, whose decrease began up from 120 days. At 60 storage days, the cooled seeds had higher germination percentage when compared to the ones kept under room temperature. In relation to the studied varieties, the highest germination was recorded for CD 215, which differed from CD 202 in both periods. There were factors interactions after 120 and 240 storage days, especially under cooling to 120 days for CD 215 variety. While, at 240 days under room temperature wasobserved the highest germination for the CD 233 RR. The storage conditions were significant at 60, 180 and 240 days for viability, with a higher rate for seeds stored under cooling. Regarding varieties, over the same periods, the CD 202 variety showed lower viability percentage, with NK 412 113 after 180 and 240 days. In general, 90 samples were tested and, 25 were detected the aflatoxins presence. It was observed that the aflatoxins presence in CD 202 was quantitatively greater from 16 tested samples 10 showed some level of aflatoxin contamination. AFB1 and AFB2 aflatoxins represented 50%, while AFG2 was observed in 63% of those samples. There was no difference in relation to seed vigor between conventional or transgenic soybeans seeds. Cooling kept the vigor of CD 215 and CD 233RR varieties until the final of the experiment. There was no influence by the storage to get aflatoxins and temperature association.


Aqualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja de cinco cultivares (CD 215, CD 202, CD 233RR (GMO), NK e NK 412113 7059RR (GMO)), armazenadas sob resfriamento e temperatura ambiente durante oito meses, bem como a prevalência de aflatoxinas B1, B2 e G2 foram avaliadas. Os testes (teor de água, germinação, tetrazólio) foram antes do armazenamento e a cada 60 dias, assim como a presença de aflatoxinas. Duas amostras de cada cultivar foram armazenadas a -4 °C até o momento da análise em cromatografia líquida. As sementes mostraram, em geral, teor de água entre 11 e 13% nos 60 dias de armazenagem, decrescendo aos 120 dias. Aos 60 dias, as sementes resfriadas apresentaram alta germinação quando comparadas àquelas em temperatura ambiente. Quanto às cultivares, maior germinação foi verificada na CD 215, a qual diferiu da CD 202 em ambos os períodos. Houve interação entre os fatores depois de 120 e 240 dias de armazenagem para a CD 215. Enquanto, aos 240 dias em temperatura ambiente a maior germinação foi para a CD 233 RR. As condições de armazenamento foram significativas aos 60, 180 e 240 dias para viabilidade, com maior taxa verificada sob resfriamento. Quanto às cultivares, nos mesmos períodos, a CD 202 mostrou viabilidade mais baixa, junto da NK 412 113 depois de 180 e 240 dias. Foram testadas 90 amostras e em 25 foi detectada a presença de aflatoxinas. Na cultivar CD 202 a quantidade foi maior. De 16 amostras testadas, dez apresentaram algum nível de contaminação por aflatoxina. As aflatoxinas AFB1 e AFB2 representaram 50%, e na AFG2 foi observada em 63% das amostras. Não houve diferença quanto ao vigor entre sementes convencionais ou transgênicas. O resfriamento manteve o vigor das CD 215 e CD 233RR até o final. Em geral, não foi associada maior presença de aflatoxinas às condições de armazenamento testadas.


Subject(s)
Seeds , Soybeans , Germination , Food Storage , Mycotoxins
14.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 62: e19180251, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039118

ABSTRACT

Abstract Higher levels of reactive species of oxygen are harmful to plant tissues. This study evaluated the action of different doses of thymol on soybean seed germination, biometric analysis and enzymatic parameters; both involved in germination process. High doses of thymol affected the plantlet growth, but not hampered the germination.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Ascorbate Peroxidases , Superoxide Dismutase , Catalase , Germination
15.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 49(10): e20180743, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045246

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different microwave-roasting timeson different sizes of soybean grains with black tegument to achieve the best crunchiness, flavor, and hardness. Black soybean dragées- containing a soybean core coated with layers of chocolate (dragée) - were manufactured, and their nutritional value, microbiological risk, acceptability, and consumer-purchase intentions were verified. Flavor and crunchiness of the roasted black soybeans wereonly affected by the roasting time in the microwave, whereas the hardness was only affected by grain size. The best core of the dragéewas obtainedusing grains ofsieve size 15 (large grains) roastedin the microwave for 11 min; this core presented higher frequencies for extremely crunchy notes (56%), toasted flavor (61%), and an instrumental hardness close to that of the existing commercial product (33.17 N). The manufactured dragées did not present resistant starch, anthocyanins, and microbiological risk, and they were sensorially accepted by the tasters (mean scores of 7.77 for texture and 8.36 for appearance on a scale of 1 to 9). Thus, roasted black soybean dragéeshave a high marketing potential from technological, nutritional, and sensorial points of view.


RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do tempo de torra no micro-ondas para diferentes tamanhos de grãos de soja tipo alimento de tegumento preto, de forma a atingir a melhor crocância, sabor e dureza, e em seguida caracterizar o seu confeito, estruturado na forma de núcleo e camadas de cobertura de chocolate (drageados), em relação ao valor nutricional, risco microbiológico, aceitabilidade e intenção de compra pelos consumidores. O sabor e a crocância da soja preta torrada foram afetados somente pelo tempo de torra em micro-ondas, enquanto a dureza somente foi afetada pela dimensão dos grãos. O melhor núcleo (selecionado) foi obtido com os grãos de peneira 15 (grãos grandes), no tempo de 11 min de torra em micro-ondas, pois apresentou maior frequência para as notas de extremamente crocante (56%), sabor de torrado (61%), e uma dureza instrumental próxima ao produto comercial (33,17 N). As drágeas não apresentaram amido resistente, antocianinas e risco microbiológico, e foram sensorialmente aceitas pelos provadores (scores médios de 7,77 para textura e 8,36 para aparência, em uma escala de 1 a 9). Portanto, o drageado de soja preta torrada com chocolate é viável do ponto de vista tecnológico, nutricional e sensorial, com alto potencial de comercialização.

16.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 34(5): 1219-1224, sept./oct. 2018.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-967309

ABSTRACT

Among the agricultural production factors, the water deficit is one of the main reasons that limits soy production in Brazil. In order to mitigate losses due to water stress in the plants, hydrogels appear as soil water conditioners. They are polymers capable of absorbing large amounts of water and are being used as a viable alternative to improve the storage of water in areas of scarcity. Hydrogen concentrations between 14 and 18 kg ha-1 resulted in higher plant height, number of pods, one hundred grain mass and grain yield.


Dentre os fatores de produção agrícola, o déficit hídrico é um dos principais motivos que mais limita a produção de soja no Brasil. A fim de amenizar os prejuízos por estresse hídrico nas plantas, os hidrogéis surgem como condicionadores de água no solo, já são polímeros capazes de absorver grande quantidade de água e estão sendo utilizados como alternativa viável para melhorar o armazenamento de água em áreas de escassez. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência da utilização do hidrogel na retenção e disponibilização de água para o desenvolvimento e produção da cultura da soja quando submetido a estresse hídrico. As concentrações de hidrogéis entre 14 e 18 kg ha-1 resultaram em maior altura de plantas, número de vagens, massa de cem grãos e produtividades de grãos.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Grassland , Dehydration , Droughts , Crop Production
17.
rev. udca actual. divulg. cient ; 21(1): 71-80, ene.-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094707

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La papaya tiene elevada demanda en el mundo; sin embargo, la producción y la exportación se afectan por microorganismos fitopatógenos y pérdidas pos cosecha, cercanas al 25-40% en la cadena de suministro, sobre todo, en transporte y en almacenamiento, debido a un deficiente manejo. La aplicación de recubrimientos comestibles permite mejorar el brillo y la textura de la corteza, reducir el deterioro de la calidad fisicoquímica y organoléptica, la pérdida de peso por deshidratación y el intercambio de gases. Por lo anterior, durante trece días, en papayas recubiertas con almidón de yuca modificado variedad SM 707-17 (4%), proteína aislada de soya (2%) y aceite esencial de orégano (250ppm y 500ppm), se evaluó el efecto sobre pérdida de peso, de color, de firmeza, de sólidos solubles, de respiración, de pH, de acidez titulable y de crecimiento del Fusarium spp., a condiciones ambientales, mediante un diseño completamente al azar con dos factores, tiempo y tratamientos. El experimento, se hizo por triplicado y los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico, utilizando el programa SPSS V.23. Los resultados indicaron que la utilización de almidón, por sí solo o combinado con aceite esencial de orégano (250ppm) y proteína aislada, lograron reducir la pérdida de peso, controlar la respiración al reducir el porcentaje de CO2 y retardar el desarrollo del color amarillo y rojo en las papayas frente al control, además de retrasar el crecimiento del hongo Fusarium solani; también, se encontró que los recubrimientos no incidieron sobre características fisicoquímicas, como el pH, la acidez titulable, los sólidos solubles y la firmeza de los frutos.


SUMMARY The papaya has a high demand in the world, however, its production and export are affected by phytopathogenic microorganisms and post-harvest losses close to 25-40% in the supply chain, especially in transport and storage due to poor management. The application of edible coatings improves the gloss and texture of the bark, reduces the deterioration of the physicochemical and organoleptic quality, the weight loss due to dehydration, and the exchange of gases. Therefore, for thirteen days, papayas were coated with cassava starch modified SM 707-17 variety (4%), isolated soy protein (2%) and oregano essential oil (250ppm and 500ppm). The effect was evaluated on weight loss, color, firmness, soluble solids, respiration, pH, titulable acidity and growth of Fusarium spp., to environmental conditions. A completely random design with two factors, time and treatments, the experiment was done in triplicate, and the data were subjected to a statistical analysis using the SPSS V.23 program. The results indicated that the use of starch alone or combined with essential oil of oregano (250ppm) and isolated protein were able to reduce weight loss, control respiration (CO2 percent) and slow down the development of the yellow and red color in the papayas against the control in addition to delaying the growth of the fungus Fusarium spp. It was also found that the coatings did not affect physicochemical characteristics such as pH, titulable acidity, soluble solids, and firmness of the fruits.

18.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 49(1): 54-59, Jan.-Mar. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889195

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have different mechanisms of action in the development of plants, such as growth promotion, production of phytohormones and antibiotic substances and changes in root exudates. These help to control plant diseases. In order to evaluate the potential of microorganisms in the control of Meloidogyne javanica and Ditylenchus spp., five rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of garlic cultivated in the Curitibanos (SC) region were tested. Hatching chambers were set on Petri dishes, in which were added 10 mL of bacterial suspension and 1 mL of M. javanica eggs suspension, at the rate of 4500, on the filter paper of each chamber. The same procedure was performed with 300 juvenile Ditylenchus spp. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The evaluations were performed every 72 h for nine days. The antagonized population of nematodes was determined in Peters counting chamber, determining the percentage hatching (for M. javanica) and motility (for Ditylenchus spp). Isolates CBSAL02 and CBSAL05 significantly reduced the hatching of M. javanica eggs (74% and 54.77%, respectively) and the motility of Ditylenchus spp. (55.19% and 53.53%, respectively) in vitro. Isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (CBSAL05) and Bacillus (CBSAL02).


Subject(s)
Animals , Bacillus/physiology , Plant Diseases/prevention & control , Pseudomonas/physiology , Tylenchoidea/microbiology , Bacillus/genetics , Bacillus/isolation & purification , Pest Control, Biological , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Pseudomonas/genetics , Pseudomonas/isolation & purification , Tylenchoidea/physiology
19.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 42(1): 33-41, Jan.-Feb. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-890667

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Seeds can absorb N from mineral supplementation, thus stimulating seedling development in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). This study aimed to evaluate the contribution to soybean seedlings of N derived from mineral supplementation in seeds with different nutritional contents. Seeds of the cultivar BMX Potência RR received mineral supplementation enriched with 2.5% excess 15N. The treatments were performed in seeds in two lots, one with high and one with low nutritional content. At 2, 6 and 10 days after sowing on paper towels, the seedlings were collected and separated into cotyledons, roots and shoots. Dry matter production, root length and root volume were assessed. Total N and 15N values were analyzed in the seedling organ tissues. The seeds from the lot with lower nutritional content absorbed more N from the mineral supplement, which was accumulated in the cotyledons and redistributed to the root systems and cotyledons. At 10 days after sowing, most of the N in the organs of soybean seedlings was derived from the seed reserves, regardless of nutritional content. Thus, application of N through mineral supplementation is of low importance for the development and nutrition of seedlings.


RESUMO Sementes podem absorver N de suplementos minerais, estimulando o desenvolvimento de plântulas. O estudo objetivou avaliar a contribuição de N derivado da suplementação mineral em sementes com diferentes teores nutricionais, para plântulas de soja. Sementes de dois lotes da cultivar BMX Potência RR, contrastantes quanto ao teor nutricional, foram submetidas a aplicação de suplemento mineral enriquecido com 2,5% átomos de 15N em excesso. Aos 2, 6 e 10 dias após a semeadura em papel toalha, plântulas foram coletadas, separadas em cotilédones, sistema radicular e parte aérea. A produção de matéria seca, o comprimento e volume do sistema radicular foram avaliados. No tecido dos órgãos das plântulas foram analisados os totais de N e 15N. As sementes derivadas do lote com menor teor nutricional absorveram mais N do suplemento mineral, que foi acumulado nos cotilédones e redistribuído para o sistema radicular e parte aérea. A maior parte do N na soja ao longo de 10 dias após a semeadura é derivada das reservas da semente independentemente do teor nutricional inicial. A aplicação de N via suplementação mineral é de pouca importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas.

20.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 85: e0242015, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-987433

ABSTRACT

The metropolitan area of Londrina has the presence of strong agribusiness and agroservices and it is an important center for agricultural production, especially soybean and corn. We evaluated the technical aspects and characteristics of farming and crop handling by the producers of soybean and corn, through a semi-structured questionnaire. Two hundred and forty responses were recorded: 120 from soybean farmers and 120 from corn farmers, which represented 10% of the farmers in the city of Londrina. Farmers reported that bedbugs and caterpillars are the main pests. Farmers use organo-synthetic insecticides as the primary means to control pests, but also employ crop-growing measures such as tillage, crop rotation, and the use of transgenic seeds in the management of insect pests affecting soybean and corn.(AU)


A região metropolitana de Londrina tem forte presença no mercado de agronegócios e agroserviços, sendo um importante centro de produção agrícola, especialmente de soja e milho. Na pesquisa, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado para avaliar os aspectos técnicos e as características de cultivo e manejo de culturas pelos produtores de soja e milho na região, com ênfase nas estratégias usadas para o controle de pragas. Foram registradas 240 respostas: 120 de produtores de soja e 120 de plantadores de milho, o que representou 10% dos agricultores da cidade de Londrina. Os agricultores relataram que percevejos e lagartas são as pragas mais comuns que atacam suas culturas. Como o principal meio para controle, são aplicados inseticidas organossintéticos, mas também são empregadas medidas de cultivo, como o preparo do solo, a rotação de culturas e o uso de sementes transgênicas no manejo de pragas de insetos que afetam a soja e o milho.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Pest Control/methods , Zea mays , Cimicidae , Agribusiness , Insecticides
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